2018年11月11日托福阅读词汇题考前点拨

发布时间:2018/11/10 作者:小贵贵

  学为贵托福培训(托福培训机构哪个好)项目部提供:2018年11月11日托福阅读词汇题考前点拨。


  本篇文章原标题《11.11日托福词汇题(考前助力)》,由学为贵王博老师整理并发布,供广大贵粉儿备考使用:


  第一部分

  collate=assemble(When you collate pieces of information, you gather them all together and examine them.)

  compelling=persuasive(A compelling argument or reason is one that convinces you that something is true or that something should be done.)

  scant=little(If you describe an amount as scant, you are emphasizing that it is small.)

  assortment: An assortment is a group of similar things that are of different sizes or colours or have different qualities.

  actue=intense

  adept=skilled

  bustling=busy or lively

  compound=add to

  inevitable=unavoidable

  intimately=closely

  explicit=specific

  dismiss=reject

  mundane(Something that is mundane is very ordinary and not at all interesting or unusual.)=common 

  induce=encourage

  eliminate=destory

  mount=grow

  annihilate=destory

  devoid of =empty of  

  retarding=slowing

  reinforce=strengthen 

  painstakingly=with great effort

  substantiate=confirm

  ritual=ceremonial

  justify=support/provide a rational basis for

  furnish=equip

  mortality=death

  conceivable=imaginable

  resemble=look like  

  edge=advantage(If someone or something has an edge, they have an advantage that makes them stronger or more likely to be successful than another thing or person.)

  overall=general

  第二部分


  For many years, humans speculated as to how such reefs could develop in such deep water, miles from the nearest emergent land. This interest was heightened when it was discovered that reef corals cold not live deeper than 50-70 meters. This led to the development of several theories concerning the origin of atolls.

  The phrase “was heightened” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.developed 

  B.varied

  C.continued

  D.increased

  On the inside, where the island used to be, quiet water conditions and high sedimentation prevail. These conditions prevent continued vigorous coral growth, hence, a lagoon develops. 

  The word “prevail” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A.dominate

  B.combine

  C.spread

  D.compete

  prevail这个词在托福阅读经常出现的意思有

  ① 盛行,流行(If a situation, attitude, or custom prevails in a particular place at a particular time, it is normal or most common in that place at that time.)

  ② 获胜,取胜(If one side in a battle, contest, or dispute prevails, it wins.)

  ③ 劝说(If you prevail upon someone to do something, you succeed in persuading them to do it.)

  Trading based on book credit gave more value to maintaining equilibrium between local supply and demand and to preserving a cooperative spirit among neighbors than to expanding production beyond the immediate needs of the locality.

  The word “preserving” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.limiting

  B.revealing

  C.maintaining(If you preserve a situation or condition, you make sure that it remains as it is, and does not change or end.)

  D.creating

  Demographic patterns also affected urbanization in two ways: first, urban populations grew steadily throughout the century due to immigration from rural areas, principally by those seeking factory work, and emigration from abroad. 

  The word “steadily” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.significantly

  B.rapidly

  C.continuously(A steady situation continues or develops gradually without any interruptions and is not likely to change quickly.)

  D.unevenly

  Many nineteenth-century urban problems were those that continue to plague cities today—crime, pollution, noise—but others were the direct result of lack of planning and regulation, such as threat of fire, poor sanitation, and shoddy building construction. 

  The word “plague” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.be discussed in

  B.be found in 

  C.isolate

  D.cause trouble for

  Distortions of streets and abrupt changes in the distance of houses from the street in urban areas, which so clearly delineate where one development ended and another began, were just the most obvious problems that this lack of coordination created.

  The word “abrupt” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.noticeable

  B.random

  C.variable

  D.sudden

  Since Sumer was virtually devoid of natural resources other than its rich soil, it traded with other people, thereby contributing to the diffusion of Sumerian civilization. 

  The word ” diffusion” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A.stability

  B.spread

  C.prosperity

  D.productivity

  After 1850, however, the expansion of foods more regularly kept pace with population growth, though the poorer classes remained malnourished. Two developments were crucial. First, the application of science and new technology to agriculture increased. 

  The phrase “kept pace with” in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.exceeded

  B.matched the increase in

  C.increased the rate of

  D.caused

  By the fourteenth century, paper mills were operating in Italy, producing paper that was much more fragile but much cheaper than parchment or vellum, animal skins that Europeans had previously used for writing. 

  In describing the paper produced by Italian paper mills in the fourteenth century as comparatively “fragile” the author means that this paper was

  A. variable in quality

  B. limited in how it could be used

  C. easily damaged

  D. dark in color

  The process involved casting durable metal molds to represent the letters of the alphabet. The letters were arranged to represent the text on a page and then pressed in ink against a sheet of paper. The imprint could be repeated numerous times with only a small amount of human labor.

  The word “durable” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A. light

  B. movable

  C. long lasting

  D. flexible

  It created a wilder community of scholars, no longer dependent on personal patronage or church sponsorship for texts. Printing facilitated the free expression and exchange of ideas, and its disruptive potential did not go unnoticed by political and church authorities. Emperors and bishops in Germany, the homeland of the printing industry, moved quickly to issue censorship regulations.

  The word “facilitated” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A introduced

  B standardized

  C made easier

  D transformed

  To understand most of the processes at work on Earth, it is useful to envisage interactions within the Earth system as a series of interrelated cycles. One of these is the energy cycle, which encompasses the great “engines”—the external and internal energy sources—that drive the Earth system and all its cycles. 

  The word “encompasses” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A. explains

  B. includes

  C. combines

  D. creates

  The smallest source of energy for Earth is the kinetic (motion) energy of Earth’s rotation. The Moon’s gravitational pull lifts a tidal bulge in the ocean; as Earth spins on its axis, this bulge remains essentially stationary

  The word “stationary” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A. isolated

  B. visible

  C. raised

  D. unmoving

  The portion of incoming solar energy that is not reflected back into space, along with tidal and geothermal energy, is absorbed by materials at Earth’s surface, in particular the atmosphere and hydrosphere. This energy undergoes a series of irreversible degradations in which it is transferred from one reservoir to another and converted from one form to another. 

  The word “irreversible” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A. severe

  B. permanent

  C. complex

  D. poorly understood

  The remaining strategy was to plant crops and live near permanent or dependable sources of water, but on landscape benches above the main floodways, so as to avoid the risk of a heavy flood washing out fields and villages, and to practice a diverse economy, exploiting ecologically diverse zones so that each settlement would be self-sufficient. 

  The word “dependable” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A. adequate

  B. familiar

  C. reliable

  D. plentiful

  That fate actually befell the Mimbres, who started by farming the floodplain and then began to farm adjacent land above the floodplain as their population came to exceed the floodplain’s capacity to support it. 

  The word “adjacent” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A. neighboring

  B. higher

  C. unused

  D. additional

  Solutions for salinization were not as straightforward as for flooding, but even in ancient times it was understood that the deleterious effects of salinization could be minimized by removing harmful elements through leaching the fields with additional fresh water, digging deep wells to lower the water table, or instituting a system of leaving fields uncultivated. 

  The word “straightforward” in the passage is closet in meaning to

  A.successful

  B.simple 

  C.common 

  D.complex

  Sometimes open-air Upper Paleolithic sites show spectacular and unexpectedly complex architectural features. Such qualities are noteworthy at recently discovered sites in Ukraine and in the Czech Republic, where the primary building materials were the bones of woolly mammoths .

  The word "spectacular" in the passage Is closest in meaning to

  A.very important

  B.highly original

  C.remarkable(Something that is spectacular is very impressive or dramatic.)

  D.attractive

  Herding is highly successful, provided members of the herd stay together in a tight bunch. The hunter moves with the herd, watching for an individual to wander away from the others. 

  The word "provided" in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A. if

  B.because

  C.unless

  D.Therefore

  Birdsong is the classic example of how genes (hereditary information) and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W. H. Thorpe on chaffinches (a common European bird), many species have been studied, and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.

  The word “ pioneering “ in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.recent

  B.famous

  C.original

  D.controversial

  But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds, nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is. This suggested that song development requires some social influence. Later experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was, many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard. 

  The word “ distinct “ in the passage is closest in meaning to

  A.short

  B.simple

  C.separate

  D.Similar



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