学为贵托福培训（托福培训机构哪个好）项目部提供：2018年8月25/26日托福词汇题预测。

　　今天为大家奉上8月末两场考试词汇题小范围预测，好好看，说不定就考了......

　　But people cannot override indefinitely the desire to sleep; the body shuts down whether we like it or not. There are three general explanations that describe the adaptiveness of sleep: restoration, circadian cycles, and facilitation of learning.

　　The word “indefinitely” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) easily

　　B) without effects

　　C) on purpose

　　D) endlessly

　　A brain-imaging study of sleep-deprived people found increased activation of the prefrontal cortex, suggesting that some brain regions may compensate for the effects of deprivation. Over long periods, however, sleep deprivation eventually causes problems with mood and cognitive performance. Indeed, studies using rats have found that extended sleep deprivation compromises the immune system and leads to death.

　　The phrase “compensate for” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) add to

　　B) make up for

　　C) slow down

　　D) repair

　　The word “extended” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) measurable

　　B) forced

　　C) occasional

　　D) lengthened

　　An ill-timed natural disaster certainly could have compounded other problems brewing in Mayan civilization.

　　The word “compounded” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) outweighed

　　B) created

　　C) raised awareness to

　　D) added to

　　It is a system of agriculture requiring large amounts of land and resulting in deforestation. It is possible that the Maya simply tapped their natural resources until none that were accessible were left.

　　The word “accessible” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) desirable

　　B) available

　　C) useful

　　D) renewable

　　Population studies of the Mayan area continue, but current general consensus puts the numbers well into the millions. Some scientists say there was a conversion from diverse agricultural management to the exclusive cultivation of maize, which concluded with the end of the Classic period.

　　The word “consensus” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) knowledge

　　B) estimation

　　C) analysis

　　D) widespread agreement

　　The word “exclusive” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) late

　　B) main

　　C) sole

　　D) intensive

　　Obviously, they must have something in common if all support robust populations of these fish. What are the common conditions that produce a productive and viable trout habitat?

 　　The word “robust” in the passage is closest in meaning to

 　　 A) similar

 　　 B) evidence

　　  C) natural

　　  D) healthy（Someone or something that is robust is very strong or healthy.）

　　 Lethal temperatures for trout range from 23C to 26C, depending on the species. Each life stage and function (e.g. swimming) has optimal temperatures, and these optima vary with species.

　　The word “optimal” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) exact

　　B) ideal

　　C) different

　　D) special

　　Trout have been found to hold a “station” behind a rock or other obstruction in a rapidly flowing section of the stream. This permits the fish to expend little energy in the calm area behind the obstructionwhile waiting to make a foray into the rapid flow to capture drifting prey.

　　The word “obstruction” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) natural formation

　　B) small object

　　C) protection

　　D) barrier（An obstruction is something that blocks a road or path.）

　　This does not mean that successful trout populations are never found in streams with predominantly sand and silt bottoms. However, trout inhabiting such areas must have access to stream sections with gravel bottoms to construct their redds and lay their eggs.

　　 The word “predominantly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　 A) exclusively

　　 B) mainly（You use predominantly to indicate which feature or quality is most noticeable in a situation.）

　　 C) frequently

　　 D) equally

　　 For mammals, one obvious advantage of smallness in the natural environment pertains to easy concealment from predators: by hiding rather than fleeing, a small mammal can cut back on energy expended for locomotion – a crucial economy for hot-bodied small mammals.

　　 The word “expended” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　 A) saved

　　 B) produced

　　 C) needed

　　 D) used（To expend something, especially energy, time, or money, means to use it or spend it）

　　 Small size also enables small mammals to utilize microhabitats that are well insulated from fluctuating temperatures in the ambient environment.

　　 The word “fluctuating” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　 A) low

　　 B) varying

　　 C) harmful

　　 D) uncomfortable

　　 If environmental conditions are harsh, or if predation pressure on the eggs or larvae is high, the benefits might outweigh the costs.

　　The word “harsh” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　 A) unpredictable

　　 B) severe

　　 C) unusual

　　 D) disturbed

　　If females generally only produce one clutch per season, caring for that clutch might not reduce reproductive output appreciably. Costs might be minimal for a male if he can provide care for his offspring and at the same time defend territory and attract additional females.

　　The word “appreciably” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) significantly（An appreciable amount or effect is large enough to be important or clearly noticed.）

　　B) permanently

　　C) necessarily

　　D) immediately

　　Supporting evidence mounted over the centuries.

　　The word “mounted” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) appeared

　　B) became clear

　　C) was considered

　　D) grew

　　In 1912 a German scientist called Alfred Wegener collated all this evidence and proposed the idea of continental drift. He suggested that there used to be one supercontinent, which he named Pangaea, and that in geological time this continent had broken apart, its various pieces separating out to their modern-day positions. 

　　The word “collated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) appreciated

　　B) explained

　　C) assembled

　　D) identified

　　It was the mapping of a great mid-ocean mountain range that, incredibly, extends through all the ocean basins that was the key to understanding continental drift.

　　The word “incredibly” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A) amazingly

　　B) probably

　　C) progressively

　　D) essentially

　　Parent materials heavy in texture require a much longer time to develop into soils because of an impeded downward flow of water. 

　　The word "impeded" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.excessive

　　B.restricted

　　C.diverted

　　D.uneven

　　Also, external parasites, such as ticks and mites, which are inactive in extreme cold, would continue to be very active on sleeping tropical mammals, sucking blood and doing considerable damage.

　　The word extreme in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. great

　　B. repeated

　　C. unusual

　　D. constant

　　Mesopotamia, the remnants of shop-lined streets indicate vigorous commercial activity involving large numbers of people. This activity in turn promoted competition among city-states to obtain supplies of exotic raw materials. 

　　The word remnants in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○remains

　　○locations

　　○number

　　○existence

　　The word exotic in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○high-quality

　　○popular

　　○diverse

　　○foreign

　　Topography and the formation of the early state were the major factors contributing to this dispersal. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had relatively secure and defined borders, allowing a single state to dominate the area. 

　　The word dominate in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○enclose

　　○control

　　○protect

　　○acquire

　　The ocean’s role in global warming stems principally from its huge capacity to absorb carbon dioxide and to store and transport heat. In the sea, photosynthesis by marine plants and algae, especially phytoplankton, removes great quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

　　The word “principally” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.obviously

　　B.apparently

　　C.mainly

　　D.originally

　　Some have proposed a radical, highly controversial and uncertain means to counteract global warming—adding iron to the oceans to induce phytoplankton blooms. 

　　The word “induce” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.supply nutrients to

　　B.cause the formation of 

　　C.expand

　　D.Strengthen

　　The ocean is also a great reservoir and transporter of heat. Heat from the ocean warms the atmosphere and fuels tropical storms. 

　　The word “fuels” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.provides energy for 

　　B.determines the route of 

　　C.carries

　　D.breaks up

　　It has long been recognized that the dinosaurs disappeared from the fossil record at the end of the Cretaceous period (65 million years ago), and as more knowledge has been gained, we have learned that many other organisms disappeared at about the same time. 

　　The word recognized in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ suspected

　　○ argued

　　○ assumed

　　○ accepted（If someone says that they recognize something, they acknowledge that it exists or that it is true.）

　　Many theories have been put forward for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but most of them can be dismissed. Since 1980 there have been more focused, but still controversy-ridden, investigations. 

　　The word dismissed in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　○ further explored

　　○ rejected

　　○ completely revised

　　○ replaced

　　Greek philosophers pondered the meaning of nature and its innermost workings, the relationships between animals and humankind, and how matter related to spirit. 

　　The word “pondered” in the passage is the closest in meaning to

　　A.explained

　　B.argued over

　　C.thought about

　　D.understood

（本篇文章由托福项目部王博老师发布）

　　王博：学为贵托福阅读、听力名师；丰富的托福考场实践经验，托福听力多次取得近满分的成绩。对于托福的听力有着深刻与独到的见解，主张“考点-核心信息-逻辑”三维一体的方式去破解托福听力。在GMAT阅读上，主张“目录阅读”法，该方法已经帮助诸多学员，在阅读部分取得较高成绩。

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