学为贵托福培训（托福培训机构哪个好）项目部提供：牢记并掌握:9月2日托福阅读词汇题。

　　为了更好的帮助广大托福考生早日斩托成功，小贵贵精心整理了2018年9月2日托福阅读词汇题整理，方便广大考生备考使用。

　　第一部分

　　allow for: make a possibility or provide opportunity for 

　　harsh=severe

　　exposed: If a place is exposed, it has no natural protection against bad weather or enemies, for example because it has no trees or is on very high ground.（exposed=unprotected）

　　outbreak= sudden increase

　　accompany= occur along with

　　akin to=similar to

　　dense=thick

　　retain=keep

　　determinants=causes hasten: If you hasten to do something, you are quick to do it.可以换成 rush diffusion=dispersal（扩散）

　　perfected=completed viable（1.切实可行的；2. 可以存活 able to survive）

　　terminate=stop

　　Adjacent to= next to 

　　widespread=common 

　　conspicuous:If someone or something is conspicuous, people can see or notice them very easily.

　　immense=huge 

　　accelerated=speeded up 

　　exploit=take advantage of

　　proximity=in short distance（Proximity to a place or person is nearness to that place or person.）

　　deliberate= on purpose（If you do something that is deliberate, you planned or decided to do it beforehand, and so it happens on purpose rather than by chance.）

　　intergration=unity（If you integrate one thing with another, or one thing integrates with another, the two things become closely linked or form part of a whole idea or system. You can also say that two things integrate .）

　　lucrative=profitable

　　suspicion=distrust

　　respectively=particularly

　　第二部分

　　Advances in metal technology just before 2000 B.C.E. resulted in the creation of bronze, a durable alloy (or mixture) of about 90 percent copper and 10 percent tin that provided a sharp cutting edge for weapons.

　　The word "durable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.existing for a long time without significant damage

　　B.difficult to produce

　　C.recently discovered

　　D.extremely useful

　　The totality of these developments resulted in the appearance, around 3000 B.C.E., of a new form of culture called civilization. The first civilizations had several defining characteristics. 

　　The word "defining" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.important

　　B.obvious

　　C.identifying

　　D.interesting

　　Bronze was therefore used mainly for luxury items, such as jewelry or weapons, not for everyday domestic items, which were made from pottery, animal products, wood, and stone. In particular, bronze was not used for farming tools. 

　　The word "domestic" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.practical

　　B.household

　　C.standard

　　D.necessary

　　During the next thousand years, however, this unpromising area became the seat of Sumer, the first great civilization known to history, with large concentrations of people, bustling cities, monumental architecture, and a wealth of religious, artistic, and literary traditions that influenced other ancient civilizations for thousands of years.

　　The word ”unpromising” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.unfavorable

　　B.underdeveloped

　　C.distant

　　D.expansive

　　The phrase ”a wealth of” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.astrong competition among

　　B.a valuable source of

　　C.a deep respect for

　　D.an abundance of

　　The scarcity of stone, for tools as well as for buildings, probably hastened the adoption of copper and bronze. 

　　The phrase ”scarcity of” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.using up

　　B.looking for

　　C.lacking in

　　D.uninterested in

　　Since Sumer was virtually devoid of natural resources other than its rich soil, it traded with other people, thereby contributing to the diffusion of Sumerian civilization.

　　The word ” diffusion” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.stability

　　B.spread

　　C.prosperity

　　D.productivity

　　As time went on, there was a substantial increase in seeds from pioneer plants, attesting both to agricultural intensification and to an increasingly disturbed local environment.

　　The word “substantial” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.gradual

　　B.appropriate

　　C.apparent

　　D.significant

　　A reliance on the management of resources through cooperative action reduced their flexibility of action, so that when poor seasons occurred, people were seriously hurt. Thus an expectable aberration in the climatic regime may have been enough to cause the collapse of the village system in the Dolores area.

　　The word “reliance” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.dependence

　　B.disagreement

　　C.policy

　　D.limit

　　Members warned each other of danger, and they fought off predators by joining forces (e.g. by forming a circle with vulnerable backsides to the center and dangerous horns facing the periphery). 

　　The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.hidden 

　　B.defenseless 

　　C.harmless 

　　D.useless

　　Shifting the head closer to the ground, reducing horn size, and growing a hump to cantilever, or support, the head's weight enabled bison to graze for long periods without strain. Giant horns, which enabled males to defend territory, may also have become a liability as being able to stay close together became more valuable.

　　The word "strain" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.stopping

　　B.rest 

　　C.movement

　　D.stress

　　Strategies for encouraging consumer demand and for differentiating one product from another were an important component of the American post-Civil War industrial transformation.

　　The word “component” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.theme

　　B.development

　　C.part

　　D.tool

　　Moreover, industrialization often devastated the environment with pollution in the relentless drive for efficiency and profit.

　　The word “relentless” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.competitive

　　B.unceasing

　　C.reckless

　　D.passionate

　　In marketing a new technology, Eastman had revolutionized an industry and democratized a visual medium previously confined to a few.

　　The phrase “confined to” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.available to

　　B.known to

　　C.limited to

　　D.attractive to

（本篇文章由托福项目部王博老师发布）

　　王博老师：学为贵托福阅读、听力名师；丰富的托福考场实践经验，托福听力多次取得近满分的成绩。对于托福的听力有着深刻与独到的见解，主张“考点-核心信息-逻辑”三维一体的方式去破解托福听力。在GMAT阅读上，主张“目录阅读”法，该方法已经帮助诸多学员，在阅读部分取得较高成绩。

　　最后预祝广大考生早日斩托成功！

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