学为贵托福培训（托福培训机构哪个好）项目部提供：斩托重点掌握:2018年9月8/9日托福词汇题。

　　本篇文章原标题《针对9.8/9.9托福考试词汇题》，由王博（Bob-学为贵）老师整理发布，供广大贵粉儿备考使用！以下是2018年9月8/9日托福词汇题的相关内容：

　　1. About 10,000 years ago, after nearly 4 million years of human evolution and over 100,000 years of successful foraging for food, human beings, although isolated, nearly simultaneously developed a subsistence strategy that involved domesticated plants and animals.

　　The word “isolated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. highly productive

　　B. separated from one another

　　C. cooperative with each other

　　D. self-sufficient

　　2.Thus, it has been argued that domestication is the outcome of population pressure, as the increasing hunting-and-gathering human population overwhelmed the existing food resources. Others point to climate change or famine, as the post-glacial climate got drier. Increasing archaeological research has made it clear, however, that the evidence in favor of any single-cause, universally applicable explanation is not strong.

　　The word “overwhelmed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. was too large for

　　B. consumed

　　C. added to

　　D. Replaced

　　3.It is supported by ethnography (direct and systematic observations of a human culture) concerning competitive exchange activities, such as the potlatch (traditional celebrations in which groups gather and give gifts) of the indigenous inhabitants of the northwest coast of North America. These people were foragers in a rich environment that enabled them to settle in relatively permanent villages without farming or herding.

　　The word “relatively” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. comparatively

　　B. consistently

　　C. completely

　　D. Clearly

　　4.Many prefer to take a regional approach, searching for causes particular to one area that may or may not apply to other areas. Currently, the most powerful explanations seem to be multiple-strand theories that consider the combined local effects of climate, environment, population, technology, social organization, and diet on the emergence of domestication.

　　The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. specific

　　B. related

　　C. important

　　D. Limited

　　5. The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval (pre-adult) stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds. However, the land has its own set of dangers, not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere.

　　The word exclusively in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. only

　　B. initially

　　C.primarily

　　D.temporarily

　　11.Whether an increase in population across western Europe, but particularly in the north, stimulated innovations or whether such innovations contributed to a rise in population, the cumulative effect of these changes in agriculture was apparent in the tenth century. Conditions in Europe were ripe for an economic and cultural upswing.

　　The word cumulative in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.eventual

　　B. positive

　　C.combined

　　D.practical

　　12. For example, a freshly plowed field may heat up faster than an adjacent meadow. The warm ground heats the air above it, and the air starts to rise. As the warm air rises, it is replaced by cool air from the surrounding terrain, and this new air is heated until it rises. 

　　The word adjacent in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.open

　　B. nearby

　　C.densely covered

　　D.sunny

　　13. Thermals may be continuous chimneys of rising air, or a series of discrete, doughnut-shaped bubbles (ring thermals) formed at intervals by the warmed ground.

　　The phrase at intervals in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.at low elevations

　　B. in areas without vegetation

　　C.periodically

　　D.unevenly

　　14. Thermals may be continuous chimneys of rising air, or a series of discrete, doughnut-shaped bubbles (ring thermals) formed at intervals by the warmed ground.

　　The word discrete in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.separate

　　B. rising

　　C.rotating

　　D.flexible

　　15. Colin Pennycuick, a prolific researcher on bird flight, discounts thermal chimneys and recognizes only ring thermals as sources of large-scale, long-lasting updrafts. In any case, thermals can rise 2 or 3 kilometers above the ground.

　　The word prolific in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.skillful

　　B. experienced

　　C.highly productive

　　D.highly respected

　　16. The Arctic region changed from a productive herbaceous one that supported a variety of large mammals, to a relatively barren waterlogged tundra that supported a far ‍sparser‍ fauna. The southwestern United States region also changed from a moist area with numerous lakes, where saber-tooth cats, giant ground sloths, and mammoths roamed, to a semiarid environment unable to support a diverse fauna of large mammals.

　　The word sparser in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.more thinly distributed

　　B. more threatened

　　C.less adapted

　　D.less mobile

　　17. The second argument against the climatic hypothesis is the apparent lack of correlation between extinctions and the earlier glacial advances and retreats throughout the Pleistocene Epoch. Previous changes in climate were not marked by ‍episodes‍ of mass extinctions.

　　The word episodes in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.threats

　　B. patterns

　　C.reports

　　D.occurrences

　　18.‍ Proponents‍ of the prehistoric overkill hypothesis argue that the mass extinctions in North and South America and Australia coincided closely with the arrival of humans. Perhaps hunters had a tremendous impact on the faunas of North and South America about 11,000 years ago because the animals had no previous experience with humans.

　　The word ‍‍Proponents‍‍ in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.creators

　　B. opponents

　　C.reviewers

　　D.supporters

　　26.Members warned each other of danger, and they fought off predators by joining forces (e.g. by forming a circle with vulnerable backsides to the center and dangerous horns facing the periphery).  

　　The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.hidden

　　B.defenseless

　　C.harmless

　　D.useless

　　27.Shifting the head closer to the ground, reducing horn size, and growing a hump to cantilever, or support, the head's weight enabled bison to graze for long periods without strain. Giant horns, which enabled males to defend territory, may also have become a liability as being able to stay close together became more valuable.

　　The word "strain" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.stopping

　　B.rest

　　C.movement

　　D.stress

　　28. Moreover, industrialization often devastated the environment with pollution in the relentless drive for efficiency and profit.

　　The word “relentless” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.competitive

　　B.unceasing

　　C.reckless

　　D.passionate

　　29.The Tlingit and other nations or language groups were collections of autonomous village communities composed of one or more families, each with its own chief, who inherited his position through matrilineal descent.

　　The word “autonomous” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.small

　　B.well organized

　　C.independent

　　D.wealthy

　　30.They had no centralized political or religious organization, but cohesion was given by extensive kinship networks established through marriage, and men and women were obliged to many outside the larger divisions of clans and moieties (tribal subdivisions) into which they were born and into which the social group was divided by matrilineal or patrilineal descent. Thus families built up riches by marriage without any one family acquiring a dominant position

　　The word “obliged” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.required

　　B.allowed

　　C.forbidden

　　D.advised

（本篇文章由托福项目部王博老师发布）

　　王博：学为贵托福阅读、听力名师；丰富的托福考场实践经验，托福听力多次取得近满分的成绩。对于托福的听力有着深刻与独到的见解，主张“考点-核心信息-逻辑”三维一体的方式去破解托福听力。在GMAT阅读上，主张“目录阅读”法，该方法已经帮助诸多学员，在阅读部分取得较高成绩。

　　最后预祝广大考生早日斩托成功！

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