学为贵托福培训（托福培训机构哪个好）项目部提供：2018年10月28日托福阅读词汇题真经(小范围)。

　　本篇文章原标题《2018年10月28日雅思口语考试小范围预测》，由学为贵王博老师整理并发布，供广大贵粉儿备考使用：

　　2018年10月28日托福阅读词汇题真经（小范围）

　　The ocean’s role in global warming stems principally from its huge capacity to absorb carbon dioxide and to store and transport heat. In the sea, photosynthesis by marine plants and algae, especially phytoplankton, removes great quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

　　The word “principally” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.obviously

　　B.apparently

　　C.mainly

　　D.originally

　　Some have proposed a radical, highly controversial and uncertain means to counteract global warming—adding iron to the oceans to induce phytoplankton blooms. Perhaps increased phytoplankton growth would use up a significant amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but perhaps not, and there might well be side effects that could be detrimental to the ocean ecosystem.

　　The word “controversial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.experimental

　　B.fascinating

　　C.producing disagreement

　　D.demonstrating poor judgment

　　Some have proposed a radical, highly controversial and uncertain means to counteract global warming—adding iron to the oceans to induce phytoplankton blooms. 

　　The word “induce” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.supply nutrients to

　　B.cause the formation of 

　　C.expand

　　D.Strengthen

　　The ocean is also a great reservoir and transporter of heat. Heat from the ocean warms the atmosphere and fuels tropical storms. 

　　The word “fuels” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.provides energy for 

　　B.determines the route of 

　　C.carries

　　D.breaks up

　　Trading based on book credit gave more value to maintaining equilibrium between local supply and demand and to preserving a cooperative spirit among neighbors than to expanding production beyond the immediate needs of the locality.

　　The word “preserving” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.limiting

　　B.revealing

　　C.maintaining

　　D.creating

　　The difference between a merchant mill and a custom mill was one of degree as much as kind. Most merchant mills had started as custom mills, and the colonial and state governments often compelled merchant mills to set aside certain days for custom work. 

　　The word “compelled” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.required （If a situation, a rule, or a person compels you to do something, they force you to do it.）

　　B.advised

　　C.selected

　　D.helped

　　In retrospect, the work of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, published in 1944, was a milestone in establishing that DNA is the genetic material. 

　　The phrase "In retrospect" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.By general agreement

　　B.In reality

　　C.Looking back 

　　D.Practically speaking

　　The ability to initiate movement around one's environment stimulates the development of ,making hidden object tasks easier to solve. Psychology professor Carolyn Rovee-Collier argues that the onset of independent locomotion at around nine months old marks an important transition in memory development. 

　　The word onset in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.achievement

　　B.beginning

　　C.improvement

　　D.practice

　　These examples show that gross motor development has implications beyond the immediately apparent benefits of crawling and walking.

　　The phrase immediately apparent in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.available

　　B.obvious

　　C.desirable

　　D.useful

　　An infant who reaches for and grasps an object so as to explore it pushes his development forward as he engages in processes such as adapting his grip to the size and shape of the object. Piaget argued that these early processes drive cognitive development in the first two years of an infant's life.

　　The phrase engages in in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.repeats

　　B.learns about

　　C.performs

　　D.imitates

　　Growing cereals and legumes together is good for the fields, and eating them together is good for the farmers. In order to build and maintain body tissue, people need proteinor more specifically, the amino acids in protein. 

　　The word "specifically" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.precisely（You use specifically to add something more precise or exact to what you have already said.）

　　B.importantly

　　C.frequently

　　D.likely

　　Cereals and legumes are technically dry fruits (they have a hard dry layer around their seeds). Early agriculturalists also experimented with growing succulent fruits like apples, olives, grapes, and melons, but most of these were brought into domestication much later than cereals and legumes, and in most cultures they've always been supplementary foods rather than staples. 

　　The word "technically" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.more complex than

　　B.generally understood to be

　　C.often confused with

　　D.scientifically classified as（If something is technically the case, it is the case according to a strict interpretation of facts, laws, or rules, but may not be important or relevant in a particular situation.）

　　but most of these were brought into domestication much later than cereals and legumes, and in most cultures they've always been supplementary foods rather than staples. 

　　The word "supplementary" in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.valued 

　　B.rare 

　　C.seasonal 

　　D.extra

　　The emergence of plant and animal domestication represented a monumental change in the ways that humans interacted with Earth’s resources: the rate at which Earth’s surface was modified and the rates of human population growth. 

　　The word “monumental” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.innovative

　　B.surprising

　　C.complex

　　D.Enormous

　　It seems more likely that humans used and manipulated wild plants and animals for many hundreds of thousands of years. The transition to gardens, fields, and pastures was probably gradual, the natural outgrowth of a long familiarity with the environmental requirements, growth cycles, and reproductive mechanisms of whatever plants and animals humans liked to eat, ride, or wear.

　　The word “manipulated” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.observed

　　B.consumed

　　C.skillfully used（f you say that someone manipulates people, you disapprove of them because they skilfully force or persuade people to do what they want.）

　　D.protected

　　People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through.

　　The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.practice

　　B.encourage

　　C.prefer

　　D.combine

　　The preferred architectural style for these new designs was the Beaux Arts style. In this school, architects were trained to draw on Classical, Renaissance, and Baroque styles, synthesizing them in designs for new buildings for the Industrial Age.

　　The word synthesizing in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. combining

　　B. simplifying

　　C. using

　　D. copying

　　Classifying animals into phyla is an ongoing project for biologists, but modern animals appear to comprise about 30 different phyla, each representing a different body plan.

　　The word ongoing in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.uncertain

　　B. full-time

　　C.important

　　D. continuing

　　When an object enters into this electric field, it causes distortions in the current that are detected by electroreceptor organs distributed over the fish's skin.

　　The word distortions in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.decreases

　　B.signals

　　C.concentrations

　　D. irregularities

　　Moreover, some fish can temporarily interrupt their normally continuous train of discharges, and these pauses can be full of meaning. The effective range of communication by electric signals can reach a little over 1 meter depending on water resistance. 

　　The word temporarily in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.deliberately

　　B.suddenly

　　C.partially

　　D. briefly

　　Knifefish also display a (peculiar) behavior called the jamming avoidance response.  This response allows knifefish to prevent interference with their electric system when they meet other knifefish.

　　The word peculiar in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.clever

　　B.frequent

　　C.unusual

　　D. helpful

　　As daguerreotypes and, later, other photographic processes became increasingly common in the 1850s, illustrators began to imitate (as best they could in their linear medium) the distinctive tonality—the blend of light and dark areas—of early photographs.

　　The word “distinctive” in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A.delicate

　　B.attractive

　　C.heightened

　　D.characteristic

　　Each drone that is successful dies in the process, however, and a similar fate awaits drones that aren't successful; once mating is done, they will be expelled from their hives or killed.

　　The phrase expelled from in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. forced from

　　B. carried from

　　C. left by

　　D. guided from

　　Bees are prompted to act either because of environmental conditions (the temperature of the hive, for example) or because of signals or cues they receive from other bees.

　　The word prompted in the passage is closest in meaning to

　　A. able

　　B. required

　　C. programmed

　　D. stimulated

　　Phrases like “plant and animal domestication” and “the invention of agriculture” create the impression that humans made the transition to cultivating plants and tending animals rather abruptly, maybe with a flash of insight. Most scholars don’t think so. It seems more likely that humans used and manipulated wild plants and animals for many hundreds of thousands of years

　　The word “manipulated” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.observed

　　B.consumed

　　C.skillfully used

　　D.protected

　　People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through. 

　　The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to

　　A.practice（If you pursue an activity, interest, or plan, you carry it out or follow it.）

　　B.encourage

　　C.prefer

　　D.combine

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